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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<style xmlns="http://purl.org/net/xbiblio/csl" class="in-text" version="1.0" demote-non-dropping-particle="never" page-range-format="expanded">
<info>
<title>American Psychological Association 6th edition ("doi:" DOI prefix)</title>
<title-short>APA</title-short>
<id>http://www.zotero.org/styles/apa-old-doi-prefix</id>
<link href="http://www.zotero.org/styles/apa-old-doi-prefix" rel="self"/>
<link href="http://www.zotero.org/styles/apa" rel="template"/>
<link href="http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/" rel="documentation"/>
<author>
<name>Simon Kornblith</name>
<email>simon@simonster.com</email>
</author>
<author>
<name> Brenton M. Wiernik</name>
<email>zotero@wiernik.org</email>
</author>
<contributor>
<name>Bruce D'Arcus</name>
</contributor>
<contributor>
<name>Curtis M. Humphrey</name>
</contributor>
<contributor>
<name>Richard Karnesky</name>
<email>karnesky+zotero@gmail.com</email>
<uri>http://arc.nucapt.northwestern.edu/Richard_Karnesky</uri>
</contributor>
<contributor>
<name>Sebastian Karcher</name>
</contributor>
<category citation-format="author-date"/>
<category field="psychology"/>
<category field="generic-base"/>
<updated>2016-09-28T13:09:49+00:00</updated>
<rights license="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License</rights>
</info>
<locale xml:lang="en">
<terms>
<term name="editortranslator" form="short">
<single>ed. &amp; trans.</single>
<multiple>eds. &amp; trans.</multiple>
</term>
<term name="translator" form="short">trans.</term>
<term name="interviewer" form="short">interviewer</term>
<term name="circa" form="short">ca.</term>
<term name="collection-editor" form="short">series ed.</term>
</terms>
</locale>
<locale xml:lang="es">
<terms>
<term name="from">de</term>
</terms>
</locale>
<locale xml:lang="de">
<terms>
<term name="et-al">et al.</term>
</terms>
</locale>
<locale xml:lang="da">
<terms>
<term name="et-al">et al.</term>
</terms>
</locale>
<macro name="container-contributors-booklike">
<choose>
<if variable="container-title">
<names variable="editor translator" delimiter=", &amp; ">
<name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
<label form="short" prefix=" (" text-case="title" suffix=")"/>
<substitute>
<names variable="editorial-director"/>
<names variable="collection-editor"/>
<names variable="container-author"/>
</substitute>
</names>
</if>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="container-contributors">
<choose>
<!-- book is here to catch software with container titles -->
<if type="book broadcast chapter entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia graphic map personal_communication report speech" match="any">
<text macro="container-contributors-booklike"/>
</if>
<else-if type="paper-conference">
<choose>
<if variable="collection-editor container-author editor" match="any">
<text macro="container-contributors-booklike"/>
</if>
</choose>
</else-if>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="secondary-contributors-booklike">
<group delimiter="; ">
<choose>
<if variable="title">
<names variable="interviewer">
<name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
<label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/>
</names>
</if>
</choose>
<choose>
<if variable="container-title" match="none">
<group delimiter="; ">
<names variable="container-author">
<label form="verb-short" suffix=" " text-case="title"/>
<name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
</names>
<names variable="editor translator" delimiter="; ">
<name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
<label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/>
</names>
</group>
</if>
</choose>
</group>
</macro>
<macro name="secondary-contributors">
<choose>
<!-- book is here to catch software with container titles -->
<if type="book broadcast chapter entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia graphic map report" match="any">
<text macro="secondary-contributors-booklike"/>
</if>
<else-if type="personal_communication">
<group delimiter="; ">
<group delimiter=" ">
<choose>
<if variable="genre" match="any">
<text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
</if>
<else>
<text term="letter" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
</else>
</choose>
<names variable="recipient" delimiter=", ">
<label form="verb" suffix=" "/>
<name and="symbol" delimiter=", "/>
</names>
</group>
<text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<choose>
<if variable="container-title" match="none">
<names variable="editor translator" delimiter="; ">
<name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
<label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/>
</names>
</if>
</choose>
</group>
</else-if>
<else-if type="song">
<choose>
<if variable="original-author composer" match="any">
<group delimiter="; ">
<!-- Replace prefix with performer label as that becomes available -->
<names variable="author" prefix="Recorded by ">
<label form="verb" text-case="title"/>
<name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
</names>
<names variable="translator">
<name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
<label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/>
</names>
</group>
</if>
</choose>
</else-if>
<else-if type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper" match="any">
<group delimiter="; ">
<choose>
<if variable="title">
<names variable="interviewer" delimiter="; ">
<name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
<label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/>
</names>
</if>
</choose>
<names variable="translator" delimiter="; ">
<name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
<label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/>
</names>
</group>
</else-if>
<else-if type="paper-conference">
<choose>
<if variable="collection-editor editor" match="any">
<text macro="secondary-contributors-booklike"/>
</if>
<else>
<group delimiter="; ">
<choose>
<if variable="title">
<names variable="interviewer" delimiter="; ">
<name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
<label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/>
</names>
</if>
</choose>
<names variable="translator" delimiter="; ">
<name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
<label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/>
</names>
</group>
</else>
</choose>
</else-if>
<else>
<group delimiter="; ">
<choose>
<if variable="title">
<names variable="interviewer">
<name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter="; "/>
<label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/>
</names>
</if>
</choose>
<names variable="editor translator" delimiter="; ">
<name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
<label form="short" prefix=", " text-case="title"/>
</names>
</group>
</else>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="author">
<choose>
<if type="song">
<names variable="composer" delimiter=", ">
<name name-as-sort-order="all" and="symbol" sort-separator=", " initialize-with=". " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
<substitute>
<names variable="original-author"/>
<names variable="author"/>
<names variable="translator">
<name name-as-sort-order="all" and="symbol" sort-separator=", " initialize-with=". " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
<label form="short" prefix=" (" suffix=")" text-case="title"/>
</names>
<group delimiter=" ">
<text macro="title"/>
<text macro="description"/>
<text macro="format"/>
</group>
</substitute>
</names>
</if>
<else-if type="treaty"/>
<else>
<names variable="author" delimiter=", ">
<name name-as-sort-order="all" and="symbol" sort-separator=", " initialize-with=". " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
<substitute>
<names variable="illustrator"/>
<names variable="composer"/>
<names variable="director">
<name name-as-sort-order="all" and="symbol" sort-separator=", " initialize-with=". " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
<label form="long" prefix=" (" suffix=")" text-case="title"/>
</names>
<choose>
<if variable="container-title">
<choose>
<if type="book entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia">
<text macro="title"/>
</if>
<else>
<names variable="translator"/>
</else>
</choose>
<names variable="translator">
<name name-as-sort-order="all" and="symbol" sort-separator=", " initialize-with=". " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
<label form="short" prefix=" (" suffix=")" text-case="title"/>
</names>
</if>
</choose>
<names variable="editor translator" delimiter=", ">
<name name-as-sort-order="all" and="symbol" sort-separator=", " initialize-with=". " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
<label form="short" prefix=" (" suffix=")" text-case="title"/>
</names>
<names variable="editorial-director">
<name name-as-sort-order="all" and="symbol" sort-separator=", " initialize-with=". " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
<label form="short" prefix=" (" suffix=")" text-case="title"/>
</names>
<names variable="collection-editor">
<name name-as-sort-order="all" and="symbol" sort-separator=", " initialize-with=". " delimiter=", " delimiter-precedes-last="always"/>
<label form="short" prefix=" (" suffix=")" text-case="title"/>
</names>
<choose>
<if type="report">
<text variable="publisher"/>
</if>
</choose>
<group delimiter=" ">
<text macro="title"/>
<text macro="description"/>
<text macro="format"/>
</group>
</substitute>
</names>
</else>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="author-short">
<choose>
<if type="patent" variable="number" match="all">
<text macro="patent-number"/>
</if>
<else-if type="treaty">
<text variable="title" form="short"/>
</else-if>
<else-if type="personal_communication">
<choose>
<if variable="archive DOI publisher URL" match="none">
<group delimiter=", ">
<names variable="author">
<name and="symbol" delimiter=", " initialize-with=". "/>
<substitute>
<text variable="title" form="short" quotes="true"/>
</substitute>
</names>
<!-- This should be localized -->
<text value="personal communication"/>
</group>
</if>
<else>
<names variable="author" delimiter=", ">
<name form="short" and="symbol" delimiter=", " initialize-with=". "/>
<substitute>
<names variable="editor"/>
<names variable="translator"/>
<choose>
<if variable="container-title">
<text variable="title" form="short" quotes="true"/>
</if>
<else>
<text variable="title" form="short" font-style="italic"/>
</else>
</choose>
<text macro="format-short" prefix="[" suffix="]"/>
</substitute>
</names>
</else>
</choose>
</else-if>
<else-if type="song">
<names variable="composer" delimiter=", ">
<name form="short" and="symbol" delimiter=", " initialize-with=". "/>
<substitute>
<names variable="original-author"/>
<names variable="author"/>
<names variable="translator"/>
<choose>
<if variable="container-title">
<text variable="title" form="short" quotes="true"/>
</if>
<else>
<text variable="title" form="short" font-style="italic"/>
</else>
</choose>
<text macro="format-short" prefix="[" suffix="]"/>
</substitute>
</names>
</else-if>
<else>
<names variable="author" delimiter=", ">
<name form="short" and="symbol" delimiter=", " initialize-with=". "/>
<substitute>
<names variable="illustrator"/>
<names variable="composer"/>
<names variable="director"/>
<choose>
<if variable="container-title">
<choose>
<if type="book entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia">
<text variable="title" form="short" quotes="true"/>
</if>
<else>
<names variable="translator"/>
</else>
</choose>
</if>
</choose>
<names variable="editor"/>
<names variable="editorial-director"/>
<names variable="translator"/>
<choose>
<if type="report" variable="publisher" match="all">
<text variable="publisher"/>
</if>
<else-if type="legal_case">
<text variable="title" font-style="italic"/>
</else-if>
<else-if type="bill legislation" match="any">
<text variable="title" form="short"/>
</else-if>
<else-if variable="reviewed-author" type="review review-book" match="any">
<text macro="format-short" prefix="[" suffix="]"/>
</else-if>
<else-if type="post post-weblog webpage" variable="container-title" match="any">
<text variable="title" form="short" quotes="true"/>
</else-if>
<else>
<text variable="title" form="short" font-style="italic"/>
</else>
</choose>
<text macro="format-short" prefix="[" suffix="]"/>
</substitute>
</names>
</else>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="patent-number">
<!-- authority: U.S. ; genre: patent ; number: 123,445 -->
<group delimiter=" ">
<text variable="authority"/>
<choose>
<if variable="genre">
<text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
</if>
<else>
<!-- This should be localized -->
<text value="patent" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
</else>
</choose>
<group delimiter=" ">
<text term="issue" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<text variable="number"/>
</group>
</group>
</macro>
<macro name="access">
<choose>
<if type="bill legal_case legislation" match="any"/>
<else-if variable="DOI" match="any">
<text variable="DOI" prefix="doi: "/>
</else-if>
<else-if variable="URL">
<group delimiter=" ">
<text term="retrieved" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<choose>
<if type="post post-weblog webpage" match="any">
<date variable="accessed" form="text" suffix=","/>
</if>
</choose>
<text term="from"/>
<choose>
<if type="report">
<choose>
<if variable="author editor translator" match="any">
<!-- This should be localized -->
<text variable="publisher" suffix=" website:"/>
</if>
</choose>
</if>
<else-if type="post post-weblog webpage" match="any">
<!-- This should be localized -->
<text variable="container-title" suffix=" website:"/>
</else-if>
</choose>
<text variable="URL"/>
</group>
</else-if>
<else-if variable="archive">
<choose>
<if type="article article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper dataset paper-conference report speech thesis" match="any">
<!-- This section is for electronic database locations. Physical archives for these and other item types are called in 'publisher' macro -->
<choose>
<if variable="archive-place" match="none">
<group delimiter=" ">
<text term="retrieved" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<text term="from"/>
<text variable="archive" suffix="."/>
<text variable="archive_location" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
</group>
</if>
<else>
<text macro="publisher" suffix="."/>
</else>
</choose>
</if>
<else>
<text macro="publisher" suffix="."/>
</else>
</choose>
</else-if>
<else>
<text macro="publisher" suffix="."/>
</else>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="title">
<choose>
<if type="treaty">
<group delimiter=", ">
<text variable="title" text-case="title"/>
<names variable="author">
<name initialize-with="." form="short" delimiter="-"/>
</names>
</group>
</if>
<else-if type="patent" variable="number" match="all">
<text macro="patent-number" font-style="italic"/>
</else-if>
<else-if variable="title">
<choose>
<if variable="version" type="book" match="all">
<!---This is a hack until we have a software type -->
<text variable="title"/>
</if>
<else-if variable="reviewed-author reviewed-title" type="review review-book" match="any">
<choose>
<if variable="reviewed-title">
<choose>
<if type="post post-weblog webpage" variable="container-title" match="any">
<text variable="title"/>
</if>
<else>
<text variable="title" font-style="italic"/>
</else>
</choose>
</if>
</choose>
</else-if>
<else-if type="post post-weblog webpage" variable="container-title" match="any">
<text variable="title"/>
</else-if>
<else>
<text variable="title" font-style="italic"/>
</else>
</choose>
</else-if>
<else-if variable="interviewer" type="interview" match="any">
<names variable="interviewer">
<label form="verb-short" suffix=" " text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
</names>
</else-if>
</choose>
</macro>
<!-- APA has four descriptive sections following the title: -->
<!-- (description), [format], container, event -->
<macro name="description">
<group prefix="(" suffix=")">
<choose>
<!-- book is here to catch software with container titles -->
<if type="book report" match="any">
<choose>
<if variable="container-title">
<text macro="secondary-contributors"/>
</if>
<else>
<group delimiter="; ">
<text macro="description-report"/>
<text macro="secondary-contributors"/>
</group>
</else>
</choose>
</if>
<else-if type="thesis">
<group delimiter="; ">
<group delimiter=", ">
<text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<choose>
<!-- In APA journals, the university of a thesis is always cited, even if another locator is given -->
<if variable="DOI URL archive" match="any">
<text variable="publisher"/>
</if>
</choose>
</group>
<text macro="locators"/>
<text macro="secondary-contributors"/>
</group>
</else-if>
<else-if type="book interview manuscript motion_picture musical_score pamphlet post-weblog speech webpage" match="any">
<group delimiter="; ">
<text macro="locators"/>
<text macro="secondary-contributors"/>
</group>
</else-if>
<else-if type="song">
<choose>
<if variable="container-title" match="none">
<text macro="locators"/>
</if>
</choose>
</else-if>
<else-if type="article dataset figure" match="any">
<choose>
<if variable="container-title">
<text macro="secondary-contributors"/>
</if>
<else>
<group delimiter="; ">
<text macro="locators"/>
<text macro="secondary-contributors"/>
</group>
</else>
</choose>
</else-if>
<else-if type="bill legislation legal_case patent treaty personal_communication" match="none">
<text macro="secondary-contributors"/>
</else-if>
</choose>
</group>
</macro>
<macro name="format">
<group prefix="[" suffix="]">
<choose>
<if variable="reviewed-author reviewed-title" type="review review-book" match="any">
<group delimiter=", ">
<choose>
<if variable="genre">
<!-- Delimiting by , rather than "of" to avoid incorrect grammar -->
<group delimiter=", ">
<text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<choose>
<if variable="reviewed-title">
<text variable="reviewed-title" font-style="italic"/>
</if>
<else>
<!-- Assume `title` is title of reviewed work -->
<text variable="title" font-style="italic"/>
</else>
</choose>
</group>
</if>
<else>
<!-- This should be localized -->
<group delimiter=" ">
<text value="Review of"/>
<choose>
<if variable="reviewed-title">
<text variable="reviewed-title" font-style="italic"/>
</if>
<else>
<!-- Assume `title` is title of reviewed work -->
<text variable="title" font-style="italic"/>
</else>
</choose>
</group>
</else>
</choose>
<names variable="reviewed-author">
<label form="verb-short" suffix=" "/>
<name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
</names>
</group>
</if>
<else>
<text macro="format-short"/>
</else>
</choose>
</group>
</macro>
<macro name="format-short">
<choose>
<if variable="reviewed-author reviewed-title" type="review review-book" match="any">
<choose>
<if variable="reviewed-title" match="none">
<choose>
<if variable="genre">
<!-- Delimiting by , rather than "of" to avoid incorrect grammar -->
<group delimiter=", ">
<text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<text variable="title" form="short" font-style="italic"/>
</group>
</if>
<else>
<!-- This should be localized -->
<group delimiter=" ">
<text value="Review of"/>
<text variable="title" form="short" font-style="italic"/>
</group>
</else>
</choose>
</if>
<else>
<text variable="title" form="short" quotes="true"/>
</else>
</choose>
</if>
<else-if type="speech thesis" match="any">
<text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
</else-if>
<!-- book is here to catch software with container titles -->
<else-if type="book report" match="any">
<choose>
<if variable="container-title" match="none">
<text macro="format-report"/>
</if>
</choose>
</else-if>
<else-if type="manuscript pamphlet" match="any">
<text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
</else-if>
<else-if type="personal_communication">
<text macro="secondary-contributors"/>
</else-if>
<else-if type="song">
<group delimiter="; ">
<text macro="secondary-contributors"/>
<choose>
<if variable="container-title" match="none">
<group delimiter=", ">
<text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
</group>
</if>
</choose>
</group>
</else-if>
<else-if type="paper-conference">
<group delimiter=", ">
<choose>
<if variable="collection-editor editor issue page volume" match="any">
<text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
</if>
</choose>
<text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
</group>
</else-if>
<else-if type="bill legislation legal_case patent treaty" match="none">
<choose>
<if variable="genre medium" match="any">
<group delimiter=", ">
<text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
</group>
</if>
<else-if type="dataset">
<!-- This should be localized -->
<text value="Data set"/>
</else-if>
</choose>
</else-if>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="description-report">
<choose>
<if variable="number">
<group delimiter="; ">
<group delimiter=" ">
<text variable="genre" text-case="title"/>
<!-- Replace with term="number" if that becomes available -->
<text term="issue" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<text variable="number"/>
</group>
<text macro="locators"/>
</group>
</if>
<else>
<text macro="locators"/>
</else>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="format-report">
<choose>
<if variable="number">
<text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
</if>
<else>
<group delimiter=", ">
<text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
</group>
</else>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="archive">
<group delimiter=". ">
<group delimiter=", ">
<choose>
<if type="manuscript">
<text variable="genre"/>
</if>
</choose>
<group delimiter=" ">
<!-- Replace "archive" with "archive_collection" as that becomes available -->
<text variable="archive"/>
<text variable="archive_location" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
</group>
</group>
<group delimiter=", ">
<!-- Move "archive" here when "archive_collection" becomes available -->
<text variable="archive-place"/>
</group>
</group>
</macro>
<macro name="publisher">
<choose>
<if type="manuscript pamphlet" match="any">
<choose>
<if variable="archive archive_location archive-place" match="any">
<group delimiter=". ">
<group delimiter=": ">
<text variable="publisher-place"/>
<text variable="publisher"/>
</group>
<text macro="archive"/>
</group>
</if>
<else>
<group delimiter=", ">
<text variable="genre"/>
<text variable="publisher"/>
<text variable="publisher-place"/>
</group>
</else>
</choose>
</if>
<else-if type="thesis" match="any">
<group delimiter=". ">
<group delimiter=", ">
<text variable="publisher"/>
<text variable="publisher-place"/>
</group>
<text macro="archive"/>
</group>
</else-if>
<else-if type="patent">
<group delimiter=". ">
<group delimiter=": ">
<text variable="publisher-place"/>
<text variable="publisher"/>
</group>
<text macro="archive"/>
</group>
</else-if>
<else-if type="article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper" match="any">
<text macro="archive"/>
</else-if>
<else-if type="post post-weblog webpage" match="none">
<group delimiter=". ">
<choose>
<if variable="event">
<choose>
<!-- Only print publisher info if published in a proceedings -->
<if variable="collection-editor editor issue page volume" match="any">
<group delimiter=": ">
<text variable="publisher-place"/>
<text variable="publisher"/>
</group>
</if>
</choose>
</if>
<else>
<group delimiter=": ">
<text variable="publisher-place"/>
<text variable="publisher"/>
</group>
</else>
</choose>
<text macro="archive"/>
</group>
</else-if>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="event">
<choose>
<if variable="event" type="speech paper-conference" match="any">
<choose>
<!-- Don't print event info if published in a proceedings -->
<if variable="collection-editor editor issue page volume" match="none">
<group delimiter=" ">
<text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<group delimiter=" ">
<choose>
<if variable="genre">
<text term="presented at"/>
</if>
<else>
<text term="presented at" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
</else>
</choose>
<group delimiter=", ">
<text variable="event"/>
<text variable="event-place"/>
</group>
</group>
</group>
</if>
</choose>
</if>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="issued">
<choose>
<if type="bill legal_case legislation" match="any"/>
<else-if variable="issued">
<group>
<date variable="issued">
<date-part name="year"/>
</date>
<text variable="year-suffix"/>
<choose>
<if type="speech">
<date variable="issued" delimiter=" ">
<date-part prefix=", " name="month"/>
</date>
</if>
<else-if type="article article-magazine article-newspaper broadcast interview pamphlet personal_communication post post-weblog treaty webpage" match="any">
<date variable="issued">
<date-part prefix=", " name="month"/>
<date-part prefix=" " name="day"/>
</date>
</else-if>
<else-if type="paper-conference">
<choose>
<if variable="container-title" match="none">
<date variable="issued">
<date-part prefix=", " name="month"/>
<date-part prefix=" " name="day"/>
</date>
</if>
</choose>
</else-if>
<!-- Only year: article-journal chapter entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia dataset figure graphic motion_picture manuscript map musical_score paper-conference [published] patent report review review-book song thesis -->
</choose>
</group>
</else-if>
<else-if variable="status">
<group>
<text variable="status" text-case="lowercase"/>
<text variable="year-suffix" prefix="-"/>
</group>
</else-if>
<else>
<group>
<text term="no date" form="short"/>
<text variable="year-suffix" prefix="-"/>
</group>
</else>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="issued-sort">
<choose>
<if type="article article-magazine article-newspaper broadcast interview pamphlet personal_communication post post-weblog speech treaty webpage" match="any">
<date variable="issued">
<date-part name="year"/>
<date-part name="month"/>
<date-part name="day"/>
</date>
</if>
<else>
<date variable="issued">
<date-part name="year"/>
</date>
</else>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="issued-year">
<group>
<choose>
<if type="personal_communication">
<choose>
<if variable="archive DOI publisher URL" match="none">
<!-- These variables indicate that the letter is retrievable by the reader. If not, then use the APA in-text-only personal communication format -->
<date variable="issued" form="text"/>
</if>
<else>
<date variable="issued">
<date-part name="year"/>
</date>
</else>
</choose>
</if>
<else>
<date variable="issued">
<date-part name="year"/>
</date>
</else>
</choose>
<text variable="year-suffix"/>
</group>
</macro>
<macro name="issued-citation">
<choose>
<if variable="issued">
<group delimiter="/">
<choose>
<if is-uncertain-date="original-date">
<group prefix="[" suffix="]" delimiter=" ">
<text term="circa" form="short"/>
<date variable="original-date">
<date-part name="year"/>
</date>
</group>
</if>
<else>
<date variable="original-date">
<date-part name="year"/>
</date>
</else>
</choose>
<choose>
<if is-uncertain-date="issued">
<group prefix="[" suffix="]" delimiter=" ">
<text term="circa" form="short"/>
<text macro="issued-year"/>
</group>
</if>
<else>
<text macro="issued-year"/>
</else>
</choose>
</group>
</if>
<else-if variable="status">
<text variable="status" text-case="lowercase"/>
<text variable="year-suffix" prefix="-"/>
</else-if>
<else>
<text term="no date" form="short"/>
<text variable="year-suffix" prefix="-"/>
</else>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="original-date">
<choose>
<if type="bill legal_case legislation" match="any"/>
<else-if type="speech">
<date variable="original-date" delimiter=" ">
<date-part name="month"/>
<date-part name="year"/>
</date>
</else-if>
<else-if type="article article-magazine article-newspaper broadcast interview pamphlet personal_communication post post-weblog treaty webpage" match="any">
<date variable="original-date" form="text"/>
</else-if>
<else>
<date variable="original-date">
<date-part name="year"/>
</date>
</else>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="original-published">
<!--This should be localized -->
<choose>
<if type="bill legal_case legislation" match="any"/>
<else-if type="interview motion_picture song" match="any">
<text value="Original work recorded"/>
</else-if>
<else-if type="broadcast">
<text value="Original work broadcast"/>
</else-if>
<else>
<text value="Original work published"/>
</else>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="edition">
<choose>
<if is-numeric="edition">
<group delimiter=" ">
<number variable="edition" form="ordinal"/>
<text term="edition" form="short"/>
</group>
</if>
<else>
<text variable="edition"/>
</else>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="locators">
<choose>
<if type="article-journal article-magazine figure review review-book" match="any">
<group delimiter=", ">
<group>
<text variable="volume" font-style="italic"/>
<text variable="issue" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
</group>
<text variable="page"/>
</group>
</if>
<else-if type="article-newspaper">
<group delimiter=" ">
<label variable="page" form="short"/>
<text variable="page"/>
</group>
</else-if>
<else-if type="paper-conference">
<choose>
<if variable="collection-editor editor" match="any">
<text macro="locators-booklike"/>
</if>
<else>
<group delimiter=", ">
<group>
<text variable="volume" font-style="italic"/>
<text variable="issue" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
</group>
<text variable="page"/>
</group>
</else>
</choose>
</else-if>
<else-if type="bill broadcast interview legal_case legislation patent post post-weblog speech treaty webpage" match="none">
<text macro="locators-booklike"/>
</else-if>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="locators-booklike">
<group delimiter=", ">
<text macro="edition"/>
<group delimiter=" ">
<text term="version" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<text variable="version"/>
</group>
<choose>
<if variable="volume" match="any">
<choose>
<if is-numeric="volume" match="none"/>
<else-if variable="collection-title">
<choose>
<if variable="editor translator" match="none">
<choose>
<if variable="collection-number">
<group>
<text term="volume" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first" suffix=" "/>
<number variable="volume" form="numeric"/>
</group>
</if>
</choose>
</if>
</choose>
</else-if>
<else>
<group>
<text term="volume" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first" suffix=" "/>
<number variable="volume" form="numeric"/>
</group>
</else>
</choose>
</if>
<else>
<group>
<text term="volume" form="short" plural="true" text-case="capitalize-first" suffix=" "/>
<number variable="number-of-volumes" form="numeric" prefix="1&#8211;"/>
</group>
</else>
</choose>
<group>
<label variable="page" form="short" suffix=" "/>
<text variable="page"/>
</group>
</group>
</macro>
<macro name="citation-locator">
<group>
<choose>
<if locator="chapter">
<label variable="locator" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
</if>
<else>
<label variable="locator" form="short"/>
</else>
</choose>
<text variable="locator" prefix=" "/>
</group>
</macro>
<macro name="container">
<choose>
<if type="article article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper review review-book" match="any">
<group delimiter=", ">
<text macro="container-title"/>
<text macro="locators"/>
</group>
<choose>
<!--for advance online publication-->
<if variable="issued">
<choose>
<if variable="page issue" match="none">
<text variable="status" text-case="capitalize-first" prefix=". "/>
</if>
</choose>
</if>
</choose>
</if>
<else-if type="article dataset figure" match="any">
<choose>
<if variable="container-title">
<group delimiter=", ">
<text macro="container-title"/>
<text macro="locators"/>
</group>
<choose>
<!--for advance online publication-->
<if variable="issued">
<choose>
<if variable="page issue" match="none">
<text variable="status" text-case="capitalize-first" prefix=". "/>
</if>
</choose>
</if>
</choose>
</if>
</choose>
</else-if>
<!-- book is here to catch software with container titles -->
<else-if type="book" variable="container-title" match="all">
<group delimiter=" ">
<text term="in" text-case="capitalize-first" suffix=" "/>
<group delimiter=", ">
<text macro="container-contributors"/>
<group delimiter=" ">
<text macro="container-title"/>
<text macro="description-report" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
<text macro="format-report" prefix="[" suffix="]"/>
</group>
</group>
</group>
</else-if>
<else-if type="report" variable="container-title" match="all">
<group delimiter=" ">
<text term="in" text-case="capitalize-first" suffix=" "/>
<group delimiter=", ">
<text macro="container-contributors"/>
<group delimiter=" ">
<text macro="container-title"/>
<text macro="description-report" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
<text macro="format-report" prefix="[" suffix="]"/>
</group>
</group>
</group>
</else-if>
<else-if type="song" variable="container-title" match="all">
<group delimiter=" ">
<text term="in" text-case="capitalize-first" suffix=" "/>
<group delimiter=", ">
<text macro="container-contributors"/>
<group delimiter=" ">
<text macro="container-title"/>
<text macro="locators" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
<group delimiter=", " prefix="[" suffix="]">
<text variable="genre" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<text variable="medium" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
</group>
</group>
</group>
</group>
</else-if>
<else-if type="paper-conference">
<choose>
<if variable="editor collection-editor container-author" match="any">
<text macro="container-booklike"/>
</if>
<else>
<group delimiter=", ">
<text macro="container-title"/>
<text macro="locators"/>
</group>
</else>
</choose>
</else-if>
<else-if type="book">
<choose>
<!-- book and software should not cite collection-title, only container-title -->
<if variable="container-title">
<text macro="container-booklike"/>
</if>
</choose>
</else-if>
<else-if type="broadcast chapter entry entry-dictionary entry-encyclopedia graphic map speech" match="any">
<text macro="container-booklike"/>
</else-if>
<else-if type="bill legal_case legislation treaty" match="any">
<text macro="legal-cites"/>
</else-if>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="container-booklike">
<choose>
<if variable="container-title collection-title" match="any">
<group delimiter=" ">
<text term="in" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<group delimiter=", ">
<text macro="container-contributors"/>
<choose>
<if variable="container-author editor translator" match="none">
<group delimiter=". ">
<group delimiter=": ">
<text variable="collection-title" font-style="italic" text-case="title"/>
<choose>
<if variable="collection-title">
<group delimiter=" ">
<text term="volume" form="short" font-style="italic" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<number variable="collection-number" font-style="italic" form="numeric"/>
<choose>
<if variable="collection-number" match="none">
<number variable="volume" font-style="italic" form="numeric"/>
</if>
</choose>
</group>
</if>
</choose>
</group>
<!-- Replace with volume-title as that becomes available -->
<group delimiter=": ">
<text macro="container-title"/>
<choose>
<if variable="collection-title" is-numeric="volume" match="none">
<group delimiter=" ">
<text term="volume" form="short" font-style="italic" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<text variable="volume" font-style="italic"/>
</group>
</if>
</choose>
</group>
</group>
</if>
<else>
<!-- Replace with volume-title as that becomes available -->
<group delimiter=": ">
<text macro="container-title"/>
<choose>
<if is-numeric="volume" match="none">
<group delimiter=" ">
<text term="volume" form="short" font-style="italic" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
<text variable="volume" font-style="italic"/>
</group>
</if>
</choose>
</group>
</else>
</choose>
</group>
<group delimiter="; " prefix="(" suffix=")">
<text macro="locators"/>
<names variable="container-author">
<label form="verb-short" suffix=" " text-case="title"/>
<name and="symbol" initialize-with=". " delimiter=", "/>
</names>
</group>
</group>
</if>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="container-title">
<choose>
<if type="article article-journal article-magazine article-newspaper dataset" match="any">
<text variable="container-title" font-style="italic" text-case="title"/>
</if>
<else-if type="paper-conference speech">
<choose>
<if variable="collection-editor container-author editor" match="any">
<text variable="container-title" font-style="italic"/>
</if>
<else>
<text variable="container-title" font-style="italic" text-case="title"/>
</else>
</choose>
</else-if>
<else-if type="bill legal_case legislation post-weblog webpage" match="none">
<text variable="container-title" font-style="italic"/>
</else-if>
</choose>
</macro>
<macro name="legal-cites">
<choose>
<if type="legal_case">
<group prefix=", " delimiter=" ">
<group delimiter=" ">
<choose>
<if variable="container-title">
<text variable="volume"/>
<text variable="container-title"/>
<group delimiter=" ">
<!--change to label variable="section" as that becomes available -->
<text term="section" form="symbol"/>
<text variable="section"/>
</group>
<text variable="page"/>
</if>
<else>
<group delimiter=" ">
<choose>
<if is-numeric="number">
<!-- Replace with term="number" if that becomes available -->
<text term="issue" form="short" text-case="capitalize-first"/>
</if>
</choose>
<text variable="number"/>
</group>
</else>
</choose>
</group>
<group prefix="(" suffix=")" delimiter=" ">
<text variable="authority"/>
<choose>
<if variable="container-title" match="any">
<!--Only print year for cases published in reporters-->
<date variable="issued" form="numeric" date-parts="year"/>
</if>
<else>
<date variable="issued" form="text"/>
</else>
</choose>
</group>
</group>
</if>
<else-if type="bill legislation" match="any">
<group prefix=", " delimiter=" ">
<group delimiter=", ">
<choose>
<if variable="number">
<!--There's a public law number-->
<text variable="number" prefix="Pub. L. No. "/>
<group delimiter=" ">
<!--change to label variable="section" as that becomes available -->
<text term="section" form="symbol"/>
<text variable="section"/>
</group>
<group delimiter=" ">
<text variable="volume"/>
<text variable="container-title"/>
<text variable="page-first"/>
</group>
</if>
<else>
<group delimiter=" ">
<text variable="volume"/>
<text variable="container-title"/>
<!--change to label variable="section" as that becomes available -->
<text term="section" form="symbol"/>
<text variable="section"/>
</group>
</else>
</choose>
</group>
<date variable="issued" prefix="(" suffix=")">
<date-part name="year"/>
</date>
</group>
</else-if>
<else-if type="treaty">
<group delimiter=" ">
<number variable="volume"/>
<text variable="container-title"/>
<text variable="page"/>
</group>
</else-if>
</choose>
</macro>
<citation et-al-min="6" et-al-use-first="1" et-al-subsequent-min="3" et-al-subsequent-use-first="1" disambiguate-add-year-suffix="true" disambiguate-add-names="true" disambiguate-add-givenname="true" collapse="year" givenname-disambiguation-rule="primary-name">
<sort>
<key macro="author" names-min="8" names-use-first="6"/>
<key macro="issued-sort"/>
</sort>
<layout prefix="(" suffix=")" delimiter="; ">
<group delimiter=", ">
<text macro="author-short"/>
<text macro="issued-citation"/>
<text macro="citation-locator"/>
</group>
</layout>
</citation>
<bibliography hanging-indent="true" et-al-min="8" et-al-use-first="6" et-al-use-last="true" entry-spacing="0" line-spacing="2">
<sort>
<key macro="author"/>
<key macro="issued-sort" sort="ascending"/>
<key macro="title"/>
</sort>
<layout>
<group suffix=".">
<group delimiter=". ">
<text macro="author"/>
<choose>
<if is-uncertain-date="issued">
<group prefix=" [" suffix="]" delimiter=" ">
<text term="circa" form="short"/>
<text macro="issued"/>
</group>
</if>
<else>
<text macro="issued" prefix=" (" suffix=")"/>
</else>
</choose>
<group delimiter=" ">
<text macro="title"/>
<choose>
<if variable="title interviewer" type="interview" match="any">
<group delimiter=" ">
<text macro="description"/>
<text macro="format"/>
</group>
</if>
<else>
<group delimiter=" ">
<text macro="format"/>
<text macro="description"/>
</group>
</else>
</choose>
</group>
<text macro="container"/>
</group>
<text macro="event" prefix=". "/>
</group>
<text macro="access" prefix=" "/>
<choose>
<if is-uncertain-date="original-date">
<group prefix=" [" suffix="]" delimiter=" ">
<text macro="original-published"/>
<text term="circa" form="short"/>
<text macro="original-date"/>
</group>
</if>
<else-if variable="original-date">
<group prefix=" (" suffix=")" delimiter=" ">
<text macro="original-published"/>
<text macro="original-date"/>
</group>
</else-if>
</choose>
</layout>
</bibliography>
</style>
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